![]() An imprint of grooves is made on their underside for help with adhesion to cement when fixing. They are made by molten glass being poured into trays and fired. These are manufactured glass tiles made to a uniform shape and size. Wooden block with hammer and hardy for cutting mosaic tiles. This produced a golden reflection emanating from in between the tesserae as well as their front, causing a far richer and more luminous effect than even plain gold leaf would create. The Byzantines used tesserae with gold leaf, in which case the glass pieces were flatter, with two glass pieces sandwiching the gold. Later, tesserae were made from colored glass, or clear glass backed with metal foils. Marble or limestone were cut into small cubes and arranged into representational designs and geometric patterns. ![]() Ancient Roman decorative mosaic panels and floor mosaics were also produced during the 2nd century BC, particularly at sites such as Pompeii. For instance, a large body of surviving material from the Hellenistic period can be found in the mosaics of Delos, Greece, dating to the late 2nd century BC. By roughly 200 BC cut stone tesserae were being used in Hellenistic- Greek mosaics. In early antiquity, mosaics were formed from naturally formed colored pebbles. The oldest known tesserae date to the 3rd millennium BC, discovered in the ancient city of Shahdad in Kerman province, Iran. Apse mosaic of the Virgin Mother and Child, Hagia Sophia, featuring intensely luminous golden tesserae
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